Waste Minimization
In waste minimization, the objective is to make a process more efficient in its use of raw materials. This objective is achieved through improvements in the reaction and separation systems within the process. Because these systems often require the addition or removal of heat, a design engineer can use pinch technology to identify the cost-effective process modifications. The following example from a fine chemical plant illustrates this use Rossiter, Rutkowski, and McMullen 1991 . Figure 3.11.8...
Interaction Matrix And Simple Checklist Methods
Interaction matrices were one of the earliest methods used. The simple matrix refers to a display of project actions or activities along one axis, with appropriate environmental factors listed along the other axis of the matrix. Many variations of the simple interaction matrix have been used in environmental impact studies, including stepped matrices Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 1990, Lohani and Halim 1990, and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis 1979...
Grand Composite Curve
Composite curves show the scope for energy recovery and the hot and cold utility targets. Generally, several utilities at different temperature levels and of different costs are available to a design engineer. Another pinch technology tool, the grand composite curve, helps the design engineer to select the best individual utility or utility mix. The grand composite curve presents the profile of the horizontal enthalpy separation between the composite curves with a built-in allowance for ATmin....
National Environmental Policy Act
The National Environmental Policy Act 42 USC 4321-4370 40 CFR Parts 1500-1508 . for many policies set forth in other environmental statutes. First, the NEPA 2, 42 USC 4321 sets forth a national policy to encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment and to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man. In addition, the NEPA 101 a , 42 USC 4331 a establishes a continuing federal...