Contents
1. Introduction A New Ecology is Needed 1 1.1 Environmental management has changed 1 2. Ecosystems have Openness Thermodynamic 7 2.1 Why must ecosystems be open 7 2.2 An isolated system would die maximum entropy 8 2.4 The second law of thermodynamics interpreted for open systems 18 2.5 Dissipative structure 20 2.6 Quantification of openness and allometric principles 22 2.8 What about the environment 31 3. Ecosystems have Ontic Openness 35 3.2 Why is ontic openness so obscure 36 3.3 Ontic...